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Dover Publications' Philosophical Classics comprise the major works in Western and Eastern philosophy, ranging from ancient Greece to modern times. These low-priced, high-quality, unabridged paperback editions are ideal for teachers and students as well as for other readers.
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Recommendations... Critique of Pure Reason
by Immanuel Kant
A cornerstone book of Western philosophy, Kant's most famous work attempts to reconcile rationalism and empiricism. He claims that although our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises out of experience.
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| |  Leviathan
by Thomas Hobbes
Written during a moment in English history when the political and social structures were in flux and open to interpretation, Leviathan played an essential role in the development of the modern world.
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 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
by David Hume
One of philosophy's most widely read books and the best introduction to Hume's other works, this 1748 treatise offers an accessible account of the author's provocative notions about the limitations of the mind.
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| |  The Philosophy of History
by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, J. Sibree, C. J. Friedrich, Charles Hegel
One of the great classics of Western thought develops concept that history is not chance but a rational process, operating according to the laws of evolution, and embodying the spirit of freedom.
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 The Analysis of Mind
by Bertrand Russell
Russell reconciles the materialism of psychology with the antimaterialism of physics, drawing upon psychological writings to offer a comprehensive treatment of belief, desire, habit, memory, meaning, and causal law.
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| |  The Gay Science
by Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Common
"God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him." This is the book in which Nietzsche made his boldest declaration, along with discussions of morality, knowledge, and truth.
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 Pensées
by Blaise Pascal
Pascal's ambitious apologia for Christianity was curtailed by his untimely death. Fragments published posthumously in 1670 as Pensées remain a vital part of religious and philosophical literature.
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Products in Dover Philosophical Classics | | | | The Analysis of Mind
by Bertrand Russell
Russell reconciles the materialism of psychology with the antimaterialism of physics, drawing upon psychological writings to offer a comprehensive treatment of belief, desire, habit, memory, meaning, and causal law.
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|  | The Basis of Morality
by Arthur Schopenhauer, Arthur Brodrick Bullock
Persuasive and humane, this classic offers Schopenhauer's fullest examination of ethical themes. A defiance of Kant's ethics of duty, it proclaims compassion as the basis of morality.
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|  | Critique of Judgment
by Immanuel Kant, J. H. Bernard
Kant's attempt to establish the principles behind the faculty of judgment remains one of the most important works on human reason. This third of the philosopher's three Critiques forms the very basis of modern aesthetics.
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|  | Critique of Practical Reason
by Immanuel Kant, Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill
This 1788 work, based on belief in the immortality of the soul, established Kant as a vindicator of the truth of Christianity. It offers the most complete statement of his theory of free will.
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| | Critique of Pure Reason
by Immanuel Kant
A cornerstone book of Western philosophy, Kant's most famous work attempts to reconcile rationalism and empiricism. He claims that although our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises out of experience.
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|  | The Dawn of Day
by Friedrich Nietzsche, J. M. Kennedy
This compendium of aphorisms and prose poems marks the advent of Nietzsche's mature philosophy. It represents an essential guide to understanding his later, better-known works.
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|  | Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
by David Hume
Equally captivating as a philosophical argument and as a work of literature, this classic is particularly relevant in terms of its criticism of the reasoning behind Intelligent Design.
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|  | Discourse on Metaphysics and The Monadology
by G. W. Leibniz, George R. Montgomery, Albert R. Chandler
Two of the 17th-century thinker's most studied works: Discourse on Metaphysics, in which he explains why this is the best of all possible worlds, and The Monadology, a concise synopsis of his mature philosophy.
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|  | Discourse on Method and Meditations
by René Descartes, Elizabeth S. Haldane, G. R. T. Ross
Two works by the founder of rational method in philosophical thought: Discourse on Method, which formulates a scientific approach to philosophy; and Meditations, which employs the principles in an exploration of the mind/body distinction.
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|  | Discourses (Books 1 and 2)
by Epictetus, P. E. Matheson,
These discussions between an ancient Greek teacher of Stoicism and his students offer secular thinkers a mode of reasoning that dismisses the strictures of absolutism and emotionalism in exchange for a more peaceful life.
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|  | Discourses (Books 3 and 4)
by Epictetus, P. E. Matheson,
In this compilation of Books 3 and 4 of Epictetus' Discourses, the philosopher discusses the quest for freedom, solitude, cynicism, fear, discretion, the avoidance of quarrels, and other subjects of enduring interest.
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| | An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
by David Hume
One of philosophy's most widely read books and the best introduction to Hume's other works, this 1748 treatise offers an accessible account of the author's provocative notions about the limitations of the mind.
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|  | Essay on the Freedom of the Will
by Arthur Schopenhauer, Konstantin Kolenda
Brilliant and elegant in its treatment, Schopenhauer's 1839 essay on free will and determinism still remains relevant to modern readers. A useful introduction to the philosopher's work for students of philosophy or religion.
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|  | Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
by Immanuel Kant
What is morally permissible, and what is morally obligatory? These questions form the core of a vast amount of philosophical reasoning. Kant proposes the answers with the Categorical Imperative, his best-known contribution to ethics.
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| | The Gay Science
by Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Common
"God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him." This is the book in which Nietzsche made his boldest declaration, along with discussions of morality, knowledge, and truth.
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|  | Human, All-Too-Human: Parts One and Two
by Friedrich Nietzsche, Helen Zimmern, Paul V. Cohn, J. M. Kennedy
More than 1,400 incisive and poetic aphorisms examine morality, religion, government, and society with the philosopher's characteristic depth of perception, unflinching honesty, and iconoclastic wit. "Dazzling." — New York Times Book Review.
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|  | Laws
by Plato, Benjamin Jowett
A lively dialogue between a foreign philosopher and a powerful statesman reflects the essence of Platonic reasoning on political theory and practice. It also embodies the philosopher's practical ideas about a utopian republic.
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| | Leviathan
by Thomas Hobbes
Written during a moment in English history when the political and social structures were in flux and open to interpretation, Leviathan played an essential role in the development of the modern world.
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|  | Matter and Memory
by Henri Bergson
One of the great inquiries into perception and memory, movement and time, matter and mind. Bergson surveys these independent but related spheres, exploring the connection of mind and body to individual freedom of choice.
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|  | The Metaphysics
by Aristotle
The ancient philosopher's enduring treatise features a refutation of skepticism, a contrast of metaphysics to the other sciences, and a meditation on the nature of the infinite.
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